What is the atomic number of an element?
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the element's identity.
What does the periodic table’s periodicity refer to?
Periodicity refers to the recurring trends in properties of elements, such as atomic radius, ionization energy, and electron affinity, that occur at regular intervals.
What is the electron configuration of oxygen (O)?
The electron configuration of oxygen is 1s² 2s² 2p⁴, with 8 electrons distributed across two energy levels.
How does atomic radius change across a period in the periodic table?
Atomic radius decreases across a period from left to right due to an increase in nuclear charge, which attracts electrons more strongly, pulling them closer to the nucleus.
What is ionization energy?
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion in its gaseous state.
What does electronegativity refer to?
Electronegativity refers to an atom's ability to attract and bond with electrons when it is part of a molecule.
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What is the periodic trend for electron affinity?
Electron affinity generally increases across a period from left to right as elements become more likely to gain electrons to fill their valence shells.
What is the shielding effect in atomic structure?
The shielding effect refers to the phenomenon where inner electrons block the attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons, reducing the effective nuclear charge felt by the outer electrons.
What is the role of quantum numbers in describing atomic structure?
Quantum numbers describe the properties of atomic orbitals and the electrons in those orbitals, including their energy, shape, orientation, and spin.